Steady-state hematopoietic stem cells for transplantation
- Health & Medicine
Blood contains many different cells that assume essential functions. Red blood cells, also called erythrocytes, are the most common type of blood cell. They deliver oxygen to all tissues and organs throughout the body. White blood cells, also called leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system (such as lymphocytes) that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. All blood cells are produced and derived from cells in the bone marrow known as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs): HSCs have the ability to proliferate and differentiate into any type of blood cell.
Different conditions can affect blood cells. For instance, leukaemia is a cancer that begins in the bone marrow and results in high numbers of abnormal blood cells; haemoglobinopathies affect the red blood cells; and myelodysplasia is a disorder that affects the bone marrow. Patients with such conditions can benefit from hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT): their immune system is usually destroyed with radiation or chemotherapy, then replaced by transplanted HSCs from a donor that can reconstitute the stock of blood cells.
Stem cells can be collected from peripheral blood without having to use mobilising agents such as GCSF.
However, HSCT is not a simple procedure. The first step consists in collecting cells from a donor. Dr Ivanovic’s work aims to make this process easier and more effective.
HSCs and haematopoiesis
The purpose of HSCT is to reconstitute the patient’s stock of blood cells from a donor’s HSCs that will proliferate and differentiate into specific blood cells.
Haematopoiesis is the process that leads to the formation of blood cells from HSCs. In a healthy adult person, it is estimated that the daily production of blood cells averages hundreds of billions units. HSCs, located in the bone marrow, are self-renewing cells: when they proliferate, some daughter cells remain HSCs while other daughter cells differentiate into a specific type of blood cell.
HSCs first give the progenitor cells. Common lymphoid progenitors then further differentiate into lymphocytes while common myeloid progenitors give red blood cells or white blood cells that are not lymphocytes.
Stem cell proliferation and differentiation are regulated by proteins named growth factors and cytokines. These molecules modulate gene expression: as they mature, cells start expressing genes and producing proteins that are specific to the type of cell they are differentiating into.
Mobilising HSCs from the bone marrow
HSCs can be collected from a large bone of the donor through a technique known as bone-marrow harvest. This requires local or general anaesthesia, which is not ideal.
Instead, stem cells can be mobilised from the bone marrow and collected from peripheral blood: with injections of a cytokine (a protein that sends signals to cells) named granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF), the bone marrow is stimulated and releases HSCs into the bloodstream. HSCs can then be collected through a process called cytapheresis: blood is withdrawn from the donor’s arm and passed through a machine that separates and retains a specific type of blood cell while the remainder is returned to the donor’s circulation.
This approach, consisting of mobilising HSCs from the bone marrow and collecting them by cytapheresis, represented a revolutionary event in hematopoietic transplantation. Instead of harvesting them from the bone marrow, mobilised peripheral blood HSCs became the most common source of stem cells for HSCT.
However, HSC mobilisation from the bone marrow is not without risks. Injection of GCSF can cause adverse events that could be avoided if HSC mobilisation was not necessary. With this in mind, Dr Ivanovic and his team studied the availability of HSCs in steady-state peripheral blood, that is to say in blood in physiological conditions or, in other words, in its natural state, without having to use mobilising agents.
HSCs in steady-state peripheral blood
Dr Ivanovic examined the presence of HSCs in steady-state peripheral blood. Even if some reports had hinted that HSCs could be found in steady-state peripheral blood, the approach consisting of mobilising cells from the bone marrow was introduced into clinical practice, and it was so effective that strategies involving steady-state peripheral blood were abandoned.
In combination with ex vivo expansion, steady-state cytapheresis could become an interesting source of stem cells for hematopoietic transplantation.
Working at the French National Blood Service, Dr Ivanovic and his team have access to blood from voluntary healthy donors. Before giving a patient a transfusion, white blood cells have to be removed from the donor’s blood sample. To do that, blood is passed through leukodepletion filters (LDFs). Used LDFs are discarded, but Dr Ivanovic and his team studied them and observed that HSCs could be recovered from LDFs, and therefore suggested that these filters could be a source of stem cells potentially usable in cell therapy.
This finding indicates that stem cells can be collected from peripheral blood without having to use mobilising agents such as GCSF. But the number of HSCs in steady-state peripheral blood is low and, therefore, each filter only collects a relatively low number of cells.
Ex vivo cultures
Faced with the challenge of the low number of cells collected by filters, Dr Ivanovic and his team further worked on these cells from steady-state peripheral blood. They found that, with ex vivo cultures, it was possible to amplify these cells. Ex vivo cultures consist of collecting cells from a living organism and culturing them in adequate experimental conditions. By doing that, Dr Ivanovic and his colleagues managed to amplify the stem cells collected from the filters: HSCs, whose frequency is low in freshly isolated cells, expand after incubation, meaning that the low number of cells increases.
Improving experimental conditions
Finding the ideal experimental conditions for ex vivo expansion of steady-state peripheral blood HSCs required some more work from the researchers. Indeed, HSCs circulating in blood and HSCs staying in bone marrow live in different environments. For example, oxygen concentration is much greater in venous blood (~13%) than in bone marrow (~3%). This impacts cell physiology and metabolism.
Different in vivo environments suggest that steady-state peripheral blood HSCs and bone marrow HSCs have different needs in ex vivo cultures. While much was already known about how to maintain and expand mobilised HSCs in ex vivo cultures, knowledge about culture of steady-state peripheral blood HSCs was more limited.
Dr Ivanovic and his team tested the effects of different parameters on these cells to identify the optimal environmental conditions and recreate them in ex vivo cultures. This approach was effective as they managed to maintain and expand the cells ex vivo. Besides, ex vivo culture also enhanced the individual proliferative capacity of HSCs. Finally, once injected into immunodeficient mice who cannot reject human cells, HSCs of human origin from ex vivo cultures can reconstitute the blood cell population in mouse bone marrow, demonstrating that they kept their stem cell ability despite the ex vivo expansion. This model allows for the proposal of regenerative medicine protocols in human medicine.
Steady-state cytapheresis
Dr Ivanovic’s work showed that, with ex vivo expansion, it was possible to use steady-state peripheral blood HSCs to reconstitute the cell population. Compared to what is traditionally done in HSC transplantation, this procedure does not require mobilising HSCs from the bone marrow with agents such as GCSF.
Their results suggest that mobilisation is not required before collecting stem cells for HSCT by cytapheresis: in combination with ex vivo expansion, steady-state cytapheresis could become an interesting source of stem cells for hematopoietic transplantation.
I think that this approach could resolve the problem for individuals who are not well-suited to a GSF injection and mobilisation, or even if these procedures are inapplicable. Thus, at least for some cases the proposed approach might be an interesting alternative.
References
- Bourdieu, A., Avalon, M., Lapostolle, V., Ismail, S., Mombled, M., Debeissat, C., Guérinet, M., Duchez, P., Chevaleyre, J., Vlaski-Lafarge, M., Villacreces, A., Praloran, V., Ivanovic, Z. and Brunet de la Grange, P. (2018). Steady state peripheral blood provides cells with functional and metabolic characteristics of real hematopoietic stem cells. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 233(1),
pp. 338-49. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.25881 [Accessed 30 Nov 2020]. - Brunet de la Grange, P., Vlaski, M., Duchez, P., Chevaleyre, J., Lapostolle, V., Boiron, J. M., Praloran, V. and Ivanovic, Z. (2013). Long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells and “side population” in human steady state peripheral blood. Stem Cell Research, 11(1), pp. 625–633. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scr.2013.04.003 [Accessed 30 Nov 2020]. - Lapostolle, V., Chevaleyre, J., Duchez, P., Rodriguez, L., Vlaski-Lafarge, M., Sandvig, I., Brunet de la Grange, P. and Ivanovic, Z. (2018). Repopulating hematopoietic stem cells from steady-state blood before and after ex vivo culture are enriched in the CD34+CD133+CXCR4low fraction Haematologica, 103(10), pp. 1604–1615. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2017.183962 [Accessed 30 Nov 2020].
- Ivanovic, Z., Duchez, P., Morgan, D. A., Hermitte, F., Lafarge, X., Chevaleyre, J., Praloran, V., Dazey, B., Vezon, G. and Boiron, J. M. (2006). Whole-blood leuko-depletion filters as a source of CD 34+ progenitors potentially usable in cell therapy. Transfusion, 46(1), pp. 118–125. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2005.00677.x [Accessed 30 Nov 2020].
10.26904/RF-133-4245
Research Objectives
Zoran Ivanovic’s research explores stem cell biology and transfusion technology. He conceived and developed ex vivo expansion procedures of stem and progenitor cells.
Funding
French Blood Institute (Etablissement Français du Sang – EFS) and French Biomedical Agency (Agence de la Biomédecine).
Collaborators
Pascale Duchez, Jean Chevaleyre, Philippe Brunet de la Grange, Laura Rodriguez, Marija Vlaski-Lafarge, Maryse Avalon, Christelle Debeissat, Véronique Labat.
Bio
Contact
Zoran Ivanovic
Etablissement Français du sang Nouvelle Aquitaine Site de Bordeaux,
Place Amélie Raba Léon,
Recherche,
CS21010,
E: [email protected]
T: +33 5 56 90 75 50
T: +33 6 79 97 32 97
W: https://www.efs.sante.fr/region/nouvelle-aquitaine
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